Device for the storage of a heat evolving material



July 24, 1962 kD. w. MONTGOMERY 3,046,403

DEVICE FOR THE STORAGE OF A HEAT EVOLVING MATERIAL Filed April 17, 1959 IN VEN TOR.

Donald W. Mongomery BY ATTORNEY hlihh Patented July Zei, 'i962 hee Filed Apr. 17, 1959, Ser. No. 837,196 9 Claims. {CL Z50-lil@ rlhis invention relates in` general to a storage container for a heat evolving material and in particular to a storage and shipping cask for a heat evolving radiation source.

The commercial operation of heterogeneous power reactors will involve the storage, handling, and transfer of spent fuel elements for reprocessing at approved, designated sites. Thus a commercially practicable shipping cask for such service is an important adjunct tothe economic production of nuclear power. This is particularly so since the spent fuel elements contain a certain amount of residual radioactivity and will require shielding to prevent radiation damage to personnel and objects nearby as well as a cooling system to remove the heat released by the spent fuel elements. Lead casks have been used in the past to provide the shielding with cooling provided by natural heat transfer through the walls of the cask to the atmosphere. While such apparatus has satisfactorily met the storage and transportation needs of research and development reactors, the probability of handling larger quantities of spent fuel elements from industrial reactors and the high costs associated with such handling indicates the need for an improved cask design.

The present invention describes a spent fuel storage and shipping cask, in the design of which the primary objectives are safety and exibility of operation combined with economy of storage and shipment. This economy is obtained by making the cask small enough to lbe shipped on any standard railroad car and yet large enough to contain enough elements to lower the shipment charge per unit of fuel shipped.

` Further, the present invention provides a cylindrical steel vessel embedded in a rectangular cask of radiation shielding material for containing the spent fuel elements in conjunction with an exterior heat exchanger for the removal of the heat generated by the decay of radioactive fission products in the spent fuel. The vessel is adapted to contain a fluid, such as water, that may be circulated through the vessel and the heat exchanger to conduct the heat from the spent fuelelements to the heat exchanger where the fluid is cooled by air circulating across the heat exchanger tubes.

Also, it is a provision of the present invention to permit pressurization of the vessel and heat exchange apparatus .since they are designed to withstand superatrnospheric pressures. This permits the heat energy generated within the vessel to increase the pressure contained therein should the heat exchange apparatus become incapable of removing all the heat generated. This pressurization could continue for a sufficient length of time to permit isolation of the heat exchange apparatus for repair or replacement of defective parts.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a lining of radiation shielding in association with the pressure vessel to prevent any harmful radiation from the spent fuel therein from escaping the contines of the shipping cask. This lining is arranged to provide a substantially constant thickness of shielding surrounding an optimum number of fuel elements contained within the the shipping cask with minimum overall outside dimensions.

The various features of novelty which characterize my invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this specification. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its use, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which I have illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Of the drawings:

FIG. l is a vertical section through the shipping cask and associated heat exchangers;

FlG. 2 is a plansection taken along line 2 2 of PTG. l.

ln the drawings there is shown the shipping cask lt) comprising a vertically elongated pressure Vessel il of circular cross section having a lower dished head l2 and terminating at the upper end in an enlarged portion forming a closure ange ld. Mating with this flange 14 and removably attached thereto, by a plurality of threaded bolts 16 through an upper closure flange 18, is an upper dished head it), of which the upper closure ange i8 is an integral part. integral with the interior of the vessel 1l. and extending from the bottom thereof to a position just below the closure flange i8 is a lining 22 of radiation shielding material. This lining 22 has an outer surface conforming to the inner surface of the vessel 1l and an inner surface which defines a vertically elongated rectangular cavity 2li. This cavity is adapted to accommodate a cooling duid, such as water, for cooling the spent fuel elements 2d also contained therein. The top of this cavity Z4 is closed by a removable shielding plug 28 which provides radiation shielding over the top of the spent fuel elements 26 and yet allows access to the cavity. The joint Abetween the shielding plug 23 and the inner lining 22 is provided with a series of set-backs 3-3 which reduce the possibility of radiation leakage.

Enclosing the lower dished head l2 and extending exterior to the vessel ll up to the top of the inner lining 22 is an outer lining 32 of radiation shielding material.

This lining 32 has an inner surface conforming to the outer surface of the vessel ll and an outer surface of the same general cross section as the inner rectangular cavity 24. The corners of these two rectangular cross sectional areas are diagonally aligned so as to provide the cavity 24- with a radiation shield of substantially constant cross section in a minimum of overall dimensions. At the same time a rectangular space is provided within the circular vessel 11 for optimally stacking spent fuel elements. All of the shielding in contact with the cooling fluid in the vessel is provided with a cladding 2'5 of stainless steel.

Exterior of the vessel ll and shielding 32 are heat exchangers 3a comprising an inlet header 36 and an outlet header 38 connected by a plurality of heat exchange tubes A specific example of the type heat exchanger referred to is a horizontal iin tube steam condenser. The inlet header 36 is connected to the interior of the vessel il by an outlet conduit 42 which opens into the upper portion of the Vessel above the shielding plug 28. The shielding plug 28 is provided with a plurality of conduits 44 therethrough which communicate with the shielded cavity 24 and provide flow passes between the cavity and the outlet conduit 42. These conduits 44 are further provided with an offset between the top and the bottom of the shielding plug 2S which reduces the possibility of the escape of radiation from the shielded cavity 24. An outlet header 38 is connected to the interior of the vessel il by a downcomer line 46 which extends through the outer shielding 32 and the vessel shell and then down through the inner shielding 22 before terminating at the bottom of the cavity 24. Both the outlet and downcomer lines, i2 Vand 46, are provided with valves i8 and couplings till adjacent the headers, 36 and 38, to permit the isolation and removal of the heat exchanger. The heat exchangers 3d are also removably connected to the vessel ll via the supports 52.

Suitable handling means, such as lifting lugs, etc. (not shown) are provided for the entire apparatus, as well as for the individual components, to facilitate handling during loading and shipment.

The present invention contemplates the use of a fan or other such blower means (not shown) to circulate air over the heat exchanger tubes 40 to remove the heat from the fluid therein. It is important that the blowers not be directly connected to the underside of the heat exchangers or otherwise located so close to them as to restrict normal convection flow of air should the fans be out of operation.

In operation, the spent fuel elements 26 would be loaded into the shipping cask 1t? within the shielded cavity 24. The cask would then be lled with water to a level just below the shielding plug 28 and the shielding plug would be fitted into place. Water is used because other liquids are often objectionable in the fuel chemical reprocessing operation. The use of water also eliminates the necessity of an intermediate heat transfer fluid since the water will not become radioactive during circulation. The upper head 20 of the vessel 11 would then be attached and sealed and the valves 48 closed. The cask would then be loaded onto a railroad car and the heat exchangers attached. In the interim, heat generated by the spent fuel elements would pressurize the water in t'ne cask. After the heat exchangers are attached, the valves 4S would be opened allowing the steam generated to circulate through the heat exchangers where it would be condensed and returned to the bottom of the cask. The ow path of the fluid in cooling the spent fuel elements would be as follows: The spent fuel elements would generate steam in the water within the shielded cavity. 24. This steam would rise and 1 pass through the shielding plug 23 via the conduits 44 and enter the inlet header 36 via the outlet conduit 42. The steam would then pass through the tubes 40 where it would be condensed by the air circulating exterior thereto. The condensed steam would then pass through the outlet header 38 and return to the shielded cavity 24 via downcomer line 46. The blower means could then be put into operation to aid in cooling the heat exchanger tubes so the interior of the cask could be maintained at a pressure near atmospheric.

To eliminate any criticality hazard from the spent fuel, basket inserts 54 of a neutron absorbing material are arranged between the spent fuel elements 26. These baskets also provide for shipping broken or damaged fuel elements and reduce the hazard of inadvertently shipping a highly radioactive fuel element that would approach criticality if the neutron absorbing material were not present. Further, the baskets aid in the handling of the fuel elements and prevent their shifting during shipment.

In the event of a power loss to the fans, the cask would pressurize to approximately 50 p.s.i.g. and would be able to operate indefinitely in this manner due to the heat removal therefrom by the natural circulation of air over the heat exchanger tubes. If, during this operation without fans, one of the heat exchangers should rupture or he damaged, the damaged heat exchanger would be isolated from the system by the valves 48. During this period the cask pressure would increase to approximately 310 p.s.i.g. and would continue in operation with the heat being removed through the remaining heat exchanger. In the event of damage to both heat exchangers, they would be isolated and the cask would pressurize to about 480 p.s.i.g., the pressure setting of the safety valve (not shown). Operation under this extreme condition could be sustained for approximately four hours before all the coolant would be released through the safety valve, however, during this time one or both of the heat exchangers could be replaced and the former operating conditions restored. Thus, a system with these operating characteristics has inherent safeguards Which contribute to safety and ease of operation,

2- since a major malfunction of equipment must occur before operating diliiculties are encountered.

While in accordance with the provisions of the statutes I have illustrated and described herein the best form and mode of operation of the invention now known to me, those skilled in the art will understand that changes may be made in the form of the apparatus disclosed without departing from the spirit of the invention covered by my claims, and that certain features of my invention may sometimes be used to advantage without a corresponding use of other featurse.

What is claimed is:

l. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with a circular cross section having an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained within said pressure vessel, a lining of radiation shielding material associated with the inner surface of said pressure vessel and arranged to envelop said radiation source, and heat exchange means exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding constructed and arranged to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source by circulation of a uid serially through said pressure vessel and said exterior heat exchange means.

2. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with a circular cross section having an opening therein, a removable closure for `said opening, said radiation source contained within said pressure vessel, an inner and outer lining of radiation shielding material associated with the inner and outer surfaces of said pressure vessel and arranged to envelop said radiation source, and heat exchange means exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding constructed and arranged to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source by circulation of a fluid serially through said pressure vessel and said exterior heat exchange means.

3. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with a circular cross setcion having an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained within said pressure vessel, an inner and outer lining of radiation shielding material associated with the inner and outer surfaces of said pressure vessel and arranged to envelop said radiation source, said lining of radiation shielding material having a removable portion coincident with said removable pressure vessel closure to permit access to the interior of said shielding, and heat exchange means exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding constructed and arranged to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source by circulation of a fluid serially through said pressure vessel and said exterior heat exchange means.

4. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained within said pressure vessel and having a rectangular cross section, said pressure vessel having a circular cross section, an inner and outer lining of radiation shielding material associated with the inner and outer surfaces of said pressure vessel and arranged to envelop said radiation source, said lining of radiation shielding material having a removable portion coincident with said removable pressure vessel closure to permit access to the interior of said shielding, said inner shielding having a rectangular cavity therein to receive said rectangular radiation source, the outer surface of said inner shielding conforming to the inner surface of said cylindrical pressure vessel, and heat exchange means exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding constructed and arranged to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source by circulation of a Huid serially through said pressure vessel and said exterior heat exchange means.

Y es

5. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained Within said pressure vessel and having a'rectangular cross section, said pressure vessel having a circular cross section, an inner and outer lining of radiation shielding material associated with the inner and outer surfaces of said pressure vessel and arranged t envelop` said radiation source, said lining of radiation shielding material having a removable portion coincident With said removable pressure vessel closure to permit access to the interior of said shielding, said inner shielding having a rectangular cavity therein to receive said rectangular radiation source, the outer surface of said inner shielding conforming to the inner surface of said cylindrical pressure vessel, said outer shielding having a rectangular cross section enclosing said cylindrical pressure vessel with the corners thereof diagonally aligned with the corners of said rectangular cavity of said inner shielding to provide shielding of substantially uniform thickness for said rectangular radiation source contained within said cylindrical pressure vessel, and heat exchange means exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding constructed and arranged to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source by circulation of a iluid serially through said pressure vessel and said exterior heat exchange means.

6. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained withinsaid pressure vessel, radiation shielding associated with said pressure vessel and enveloping -said radiation source, a heat exchanger exterior of said pressure vessel and -said shielding and structurally attached to and supported by said pressure vessel, said heat exchanger located at a vertical position higher than said radiation source in said pressure vessel, an outlet conduit vfrom the upper portion of said pressure vessel and connected to said heat exchanger, and a downcomer from said heat exchanger to the lower portion of said pressure vessel, said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger relatively arranged to provide natural circulation of a cooling fluid contained therein to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source.

7. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained within said pressure vessel, radiation shielding associated with said pressure vessel and enveloping said radiation source, a heat exchanger exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding and structurally attached to and supported by said pressure vessel, said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger adapted to contain a fluid which may be circulated therethrough, an outlet conduit from the upper portion of said pressure vessel and connected to the upper portion of said heat exchanger, a downcomer from the lower portion of said heat exchanger to the lower portion of said pressure vessel, said heat exchanger located at a vertical position higher than said radiation source in said pressure vessel to provide for natural circulation of said fluid through said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger to remove heat generated Within said pressure vessel by said radiation source, and valve means associated with said outlet conduit and downcomer to permit removal and replacement of said heat exchanger.

8. in a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained within said pressure vessel, radiation shielding associated with said pressure vessel and enveloping said radiation source, a heat exchanger exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding and structuraliy attached to and supported by said pressure vessel, said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger adapted to contain a uid which may be circulated therethrough, an outlet conduit from the upper portion of said pressure vessel and connected to the upper portion of said heat exchanger, a downcomer from the lower portion of said heat exchanger to the lower portion of said pressure vessel, said heat exchanger located at a vertical position higher than said radiation source in said pressure vessel to provide for natural circulation of said fluid through said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radiation source, and valve means associated with said outlet conduit and downcomer to permit removal and replacement of said heat exchanger, said heat exchanger constructed of an inlet header connected by a plurality oi tubes to an outlet header, said heat exchanger adapted to be cooled by natural circulation of air over said tubes.

9. In a device for the storage of a heat evolving radiation source comprising a pressure vessel with an opening therein, a removable closure for said opening, said radiation source contained Within said pressure vessel, radiation shielding associated with said pressure vessel and enveloping -said radiation( source, a heat exchanger exterior of said pressure vessel and said shielding and structurally attached to and supported by said pressure vessel, said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger adapted tc contain a nid which may he circulated therethrough, ar outlet conduit from the upper portion of said pressure vessel and connected to the upper portion of said heat exchanger, a downcomer from the lower portion of saic' heat exchanger to the lower portion of said pressure vessel, said heat exchanger located at a vertical positior higher than said radiation source in said pressure vessel to provide for natural circulation of said Huid througl said pressure vessel and said heat exchanger to remove heat generated within said pressure vessel by said radia tion source, and valve means associated with said outle conduit and downcomer to permit removal and replace ment of said heat exchanger, said heat exchanger con structed ofl an inlet header connected by a plurality o: tubes to an outlet header, said heat exchanger adapted tc be cooled by the forced circulation of air over said tubes References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Stanton Oct. 29, 195i Ohlinger Sept. 23, 195i OTHER REFERENCES 

